Neural coding means the concentration, identification, pleasurable and un pleasurable value of tastans which are represented in the form of action potential. It is of two types encoding and decoding.  The map from stimuli to response is called as encoding whereas response to stimuli is called as decoding. It implies the connection between the response and the stimuli.  It is of different types such as correlation coding, population coding, position coding etc.

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and the optic nerves. The central nervous system controls thought processes, guides movement, and registers   sensations throughout the body.

Fast facts on the central nervous system

• The brain is the most complex organ in the body and uses 20% of the total oxygen we breathe in.
• The retina, optic nerve, olfactory nerves and olfactory epithelium are sometimes considered to be part of the central nervous system.
• The CNS is often divided into white and gray matter.
• The brain consists of an estimated 100 billion neurons, with each connected to thousands more.
• CNS support cells, called glial cells, outnumber neurons 10 to 1.
• The brain can be divided into four lobes: temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal.
• Circuits within the spinal cord are capable of controlling motor coordination without input from the brain.
• The brain makes up around 2% of a human's entire weight.

 The branch of nervous system which deals with the study of the cure, diagnosis, or mitigation of the children or kids called as pediatric neurology. It involves pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric neuropathy, pediatric neuroimaging etc..

Psychiatry is the medicinal forte that judgments and treats mental clutters, for the most part those requiring drug. Psychiatry is currently a very obvious movement in which absence of care in group, impulse, suicide, medication and liquor manhandle are couple of inspirations. Beginning with the recognizable proof of the major dysfunctional behaviors and how they are considered refinement from typicality. Prospering analysis and its later change into more available psychotherapies gave a possibility for better understanding. Current psychiatry too carries with it new debates, for example, the medicalization of ordinary life, and the energy of the medication organizations and the utilization of psychiatry as a specialist of social control.

Mental health is a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of mental illness. It is the psychological state of someone who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. Cultural differences, subjective assessments, and competing professional theories all affect how "mental health" is defined.

 A stroke is a "brain attack". It can happen to anyone at any time. It occurs when blood flow to an area of brain is cut off. When this happens, brain cells are deprived of oxygen and begin to die. When brain cells die during a stroke, abilities controlled by that area of the brain such as memory and muscle control are lost.

How a person is affected by their stroke depends on where the stroke occurs in the brain and how much the brain is damaged. For example, someone who had a small stroke may only have minor problems such as temporary weakness of an arm or leg. People who have larger strokes may be permanently paralyzed on one side of their body or lose their ability to speak. Some people recover completely from strokes, but more than 2/3 of survivors will have some type of disability.The branch of nervous system which deals with the study of the cure, diagnosis, or mitigation of the children or kids called as pediatric neurology. It involves pediatric neurosurgery, pediatric neuropathy, pediatric neuroimaging etc. 

 It is the most widely recognized neurodegenerative issue. It is described by dynamic loss of muscle control, which prompts trembling of appendages and head while very still time firmness, gradualness and weakened adjust is seen. Later on rearranging stride is watched. Indications incorporate uneasiness, dejection and dementia. It is caused by an absence of dopamine. It is likewise called as hypokinetic unbending disorder, loss of motion gaits. In many people, Parkinson's ailment is idiopathic.

Dementia is a broad description which includes many different symptoms, including memory loss, word-finding difficulties, impaired judgment, and problems with day-to-day activities, which are caused by injury or loss of brain cells (neurons). Mild Cognitive Impairment is an inter mediate stage between the normal and serious decline of dementia. Problems arise in thinking, language, judgment etc.

Geriatric neurology  is the branch of medicine that studies neurologic disorders in elderly. The subspecialty of Geriatric neurology is defined by its expertise in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of neurological conditions that affect elderly and by its unique body of knowledge regarding the aging nervous system, its vulnerability to specific neurological disorders, and its influence on the prevalence and expression of neurological disease. Neurologists are called with increasing frequency to provide care for older adults. As the number of elderly in the population increases, there will be a concomitant increase in the prevalence of acute and chronic neurological disorders associated with advancing age.

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery is the medical specialty focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any part of the nervous system such as brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system. They helps in the diagnosis of intra cerebral hemorrhage.

Multiple sclerosis  (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).

In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause the nerves themselves to deteriorate or become permanently damaged.

Signs and symptoms of MS vary widely and depend on the amount of nerve damage and which nerves are affected. Some people with severe MS may lose the ability to walk independently or at all, while others may experience long periods of remission without any new symptoms.

There's no cure for multiple sclerosis. However, treatments can help speed recovery from attacks, modify the course of the disease and manage symptoms.

Numbness or weakness in one or more limbs that typically occurs on one side of your body at a time, or the legs and trunk

• Partial or complete loss of vision, usually in one eye at a time, often with pain during eye movement
• Prolonged double vision
• Tingling or pain in parts of your body
• Electric-shock sensations that occur with certain neck movements, especially bending the neck forward (Lhermitte sign)
• Tremor, lack of coordination or unsteady gait
• Slurred speech
• Fatigue
• Dizziness
• Problems with bowel and bladder function

Trigeminal neuralgia is a chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. If you have trigeminal neuralgia, even mild stimulation of your face — such as from brushing your teeth or putting on makeup — may trigger a jolt of excruciating pain.

Symptoms

• Illustration showing branches of the trigeminal nerve
• Branches of the trigeminal nerve
• Trigeminal neuralgia symptoms may include one or more of these patterns:
• Episodes of severe, shooting or jabbing pain that may feel like an electric shock
• Spontaneous attacks of pain or attacks triggered by things such as touching the face, chewing, speaking or brushing teeth
• Bouts of pain lasting from a few seconds to several minutes
• Episodes of several attacks lasting days, weeks, months or longer — some people have periods when they experience no pain
• Constant aching, burning feeling that may occur before it evolves into the spasm-like pain of trigeminal neuralgia
• Pain in areas supplied by the trigeminal nerve, including the cheek, jaw, teeth, gums, lips, or less often the eye and forehead
• Pain affecting one side of the face at a time, though may rarely affect both sides of the face
• Pain focused in one spot or spread in a wider pattern

Tourette syndrome (TS) is an inherited disorder of the nervous system, characterized by a variable expression of unwanted movements and noises (tics).

Causes

The cause of Tourette syndrome is unknown, although some studies suggest that the tics in Tourette syndrome are caused by an increased amount of a neurotransmitter called dopamine. A neurotransmitter is a chemical found in the brain that helps to transmit information from one brain cell to another. Other studies suggest that the defect in Tourette syndrome involves another neurotransmitter called serotonin; or involves other chemicals required for normal functioning of the brain.

Most studies suggest that Tourette syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with decreased penetrance, although this hypothesis has not been proven and may not be true in all families. An autosomal dominant disorder results from a change in one copy of a pair of genes. Individuals with an autosomal dominant disorder have a 50% chance of passing on the changed gene to their children. Decreased penetrance means that not all people who inherit the changed gene will develop symptoms. There is some evidence that females who inherit the Tourette syndrome gene have a 70% chance of exhibiting symptoms and males have a 99% chance of having symptoms. It has been suggested that other genetic and environmental factors may play a role in the development of symptoms in people who inherit the changed gene, but none have been discovered. Some researchers believe that Tourette syndrome has different causes in different individuals or is caused by changes in more than one gene, although these theories are less substantiated. Further research is needed to establish the cause of Tourette syndrome.

To study the effect of drugs on the cellular function in nervous system is called as Neuropharmacology. It is of two types such as; Behavioral neuropharmacology and Molecular neuropharmacology. It explains the drug dependence and addiction effect of brain. The science dealing with the study of the effects of the poisons on the nervous system is called as Neuro toxicology. It happens when nervous system gets affected by the neurotoxins.  It occurs due to the exposure of the chemotherapy, radiation treatment, drug abuse, pesticides etc.

Neuromuscular disorders are conditions that affect skeletal muscles, peripheral nerves or neuromuscular junction. Our program treats all forms of neuromuscular disorders, including: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)  , Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) , Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP).

The spinal disorders are the results of infection, injuries, tumors, Ankylosing spondylitis, scoliosis, spinal stenosis and herniated disks .When the structure of bone changes then it causes pain due to the pressure on the spinal cord and the nervous system. These disorders can be diagnosed by computed tomography, discography, electromyography, MRI ETC.  It causes the skeletal hyperostosis, fracture of thoracic and lumbar spine etc.

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that watches ideas in sub-atomic science connected to the sensory systems of creatures. The extent of this subject spreads points, for example, sub-atomic neuroanatomical, instruments of sub-atomic motioning in the sensory system, the impacts of hereditary qualities and epigenetics on neuronal advancement, and the sub-atomic reason for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. Cellular neuroscience involves cell morphology and physiological properties of nervous system.  Also involves the neurotransmission process. To study the effect of biological processes on behaviors, feelings and thought of a person called as biopsychology or Behavioral Neuroscience . It can be also called as physiological psychology, behavioral neuroscience etc. Psychology along with the biological science explains the term biopsychology. It explores the knowledge in neurobiology.

A case report is a detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports can also play a relevant role in medical education, providing a structure for case-based learning and may also have a role to play in guiding the personalization of treatments in clinical practice. This session includes detailed study of Neuroscience case reports based on diagnosis, therapy, medication and research.

The case report includes-Diagnostic case reports, Therapy based case reports, Medication based case reports, and Research based case reports.